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	<title>Alliance and Relationship Management - Revision history</title>
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	<updated>2026-06-04T13:29:57Z</updated>
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		<title>User at 15:36, 11 April 2023</title>
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		<updated>2023-04-11T15:36:43Z</updated>

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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 15:36, 11 April 2023&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot; &gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Alliance and relationship &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;[[&lt;/del&gt;management&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;]] &lt;/del&gt;is the set of practices and tools required to reinforce alliances/relationships with partners, outsourced functions or activities, and to maintain visibility into a relationship with another &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;[[&lt;/del&gt;business&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;]] &lt;/del&gt;entity. &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Relationships &lt;/del&gt;include entities that are part of creating and delivering the &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;[[&lt;/del&gt;value&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;]] &lt;/del&gt;proposition of an &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;[[&lt;/del&gt;organization&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;]]&lt;/del&gt;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;What is Alliance and Relationship Management? &lt;/del&gt;[http://www.gartner.com/it-glossary/alliance-and-relationship-management &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Gartner&lt;/del&gt;]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;'''&lt;/ins&gt;Alliance and relationship management&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;''' &lt;/ins&gt;is the set of practices and tools required to reinforce alliances/relationships with partners, outsourced functions or activities, and to maintain visibility into a relationship with another business entity. &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Do relationships &lt;/ins&gt;include entities that are part of creating and delivering the value proposition of an organization.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.gartner.com/it-glossary/alliance-and-relationship-management &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;What is Alliance and Relationship Management?&lt;/ins&gt;]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;'''How Alliances Create Value'''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;How Alliances Create Value &lt;/del&gt;[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Robert_Spekman/publication/227375280_Alliance_Management_A_View_from_the_Past_and_a_Look_to_the_Future/links/544127020cf2a76a3cc7cc3b.pdf &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Journal of Management Studies&lt;/del&gt;]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;'''How Alliances Create Value'''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Robert_Spekman/publication/227375280_Alliance_Management_A_View_from_the_Past_and_a_Look_to_the_Future/links/544127020cf2a76a3cc7cc3b.pdf &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;How Alliances Create Value&lt;/ins&gt;]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Value is created through synergy as the partners achieve mutually beneficial gains that neither would have been able to achieve individually (Teece 1992). Hamel (1991) argues that what partly drives the decision to ally is the importance of deriving value from the partnership. For example, Siecor, a joint venture between Siemens and Corning, combined Siemens' cabling technology with Corning's &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;fibre &lt;/del&gt;optic expertise. This resulted in the development and early dominance of the &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;fibre &lt;/del&gt;optics cable &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;[[&lt;/del&gt;industry&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;]]&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;at great gain to &lt;/del&gt;both partners. Similarly, networks created through the joint efforts of the partners can inexpensively leverage the &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;[[&lt;/del&gt;market&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;]] &lt;/del&gt;presence of each (e.g. Lewis, 1990; Lorange and Roos, 1993). Comarketing agreements, for example, permit partners to talk with a `louder voice&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;'&lt;/del&gt;in the marketplace and quickly grow market share. &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;In yet another way&lt;/del&gt;, synergy is gained when a partner internalizes knowledge, skills or expertise that ultimately enhances its own competitive advantage (e.g. Parkhe, 1991). The GM&amp;amp;Toyota alliance, NUMMI, is one example. As a goal of the alliance, GM attempted to learn Japanese &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;[[&lt;/del&gt;manufacturing&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;]] &lt;/del&gt;management processes, while Toyota sought to learn how to manage a diverse and heterogeneous US workforce. Since partners often enter alliances with different levels of skill and different expectations, it is likely that they will recognize and measure value differently (Borys and Jemison, 1989). Problems arise when expectations differ and/or are unrealistic; when partners learn at different rates; as well as when partners do not agree on the level each commits to the relationship or each takes from the relationship. Equity, as described by Ouchi (1980), is an important consideration in the formation and maintenance of alliances. Not only is the level of value contributed/gained important, there exists &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;also &lt;/del&gt;a question of timing. The issue is one of fair dealing such that all partners receive benefits proportional to their investments over the life of the alliance. Balance might not be achieved at each point &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;in time&lt;/del&gt;; however, one must trust that equity will be achieved over time. Korsgaard et al. (1995) refer to procedural justice which emphasizes both fairness and the fair &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;[[&lt;/del&gt;distribution&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;]] &lt;/del&gt;of resources.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Value is created through synergy as the partners achieve mutually beneficial gains that neither would have been able to achieve individually (Teece 1992). Hamel (1991) argues that what partly drives the decision to ally is the importance of deriving value from the partnership. For example, Siecor, a joint venture between Siemens and Corning, combined Siemens' cabling technology with Corning's &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;fiber &lt;/ins&gt;optic expertise. This resulted in the development and early dominance of the &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;fiber &lt;/ins&gt;optics cable industry, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;which greatly benefited &lt;/ins&gt;both partners. Similarly, networks created through the joint efforts of the partners can inexpensively leverage the market presence of each (e.g.&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;, &lt;/ins&gt;Lewis, 1990; Lorange and Roos, 1993). Comarketing agreements, for example, permit partners to talk with a `louder voice in the marketplace and quickly grow market share. &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Similarly&lt;/ins&gt;, synergy is gained when a partner internalizes knowledge, skills&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;, &lt;/ins&gt;or expertise that ultimately enhances its own competitive advantage (e.g.&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;, &lt;/ins&gt;Parkhe, 1991). The GM&amp;amp;Toyota alliance, NUMMI, is one example. As a goal of the alliance, GM attempted to learn Japanese manufacturing management processes, while Toyota sought to learn how to manage a diverse and heterogeneous US workforce. Since partners often enter alliances with different levels of skill and different expectations, it is likely that they will recognize and measure value differently (Borys and Jemison, 1989). Problems arise when expectations differ and/or are unrealistic; when partners learn at different rates; as well as when partners do not agree on the level each commits to the relationship or each takes from the relationship. Equity, as described by Ouchi (1980), is an important consideration in the formation and maintenance of alliances. Not only is the level of value contributed/gained important, there &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;also &lt;/ins&gt;exists a question of timing. The issue is one of fair dealing such that all partners receive benefits proportional to their investments over the life of the alliance. Balance might not be achieved at each point; however, one must trust that equity will be achieved over time. Korsgaard et al. (1995) refer to procedural justice&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;, &lt;/ins&gt;which emphasizes both fairness and the fair distribution of resources.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;===References&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;=&lt;/del&gt;==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;= See Also ==&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;[[Vendor Relationship Management (VRM)]]&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== References ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;references/&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;references/&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;=&lt;/del&gt;==Further Reading&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;=&lt;/del&gt;==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Further Reading ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Collaborative Advantage: The Art of Alliances &lt;/del&gt;[https://hbr.org/1994/07/collaborative-advantage-the-art-of-alliances &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;HBR&lt;/del&gt;]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*[https://hbr.org/1994/07/collaborative-advantage-the-art-of-alliances &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Collaborative Advantage: The Art of Alliances&lt;/ins&gt;]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Alliance Management (a.k.a. [[Supplier]] Relationship Management) &lt;/del&gt;[https://www.instituteforsupplymanagement.org/files/Pubs/Proceedings/AGEngel.pdf &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Robert J&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Engel, C&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;P&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;M&lt;/del&gt;]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*[https://www.instituteforsupplymanagement.org/files/Pubs/Proceedings/AGEngel.pdf &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Alliance Management (a&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;a&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Supplier Relationship Management)&lt;/ins&gt;]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Managing alliance relationships: Key challenges in the early stages of [[collaboration]] &lt;/del&gt;[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9310.00235/abstract &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Mícheál J. Kelly, Jean–Louis Schaan, Hélène Joncas&lt;/del&gt;]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9310.00235/abstract &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Managing alliance relationships: Key challenges in the early stages of collaboration &lt;/ins&gt;]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;!-- diff cache key ciowiki:diff::1.12:old-6841:rev-15346 --&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>User</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://cio-wiki.org//index.php?title=Alliance_and_Relationship_Management&amp;diff=6841&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>User: The LinkTitles extension automatically added links to existing pages (https://github.com/bovender/LinkTitles).</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://cio-wiki.org//index.php?title=Alliance_and_Relationship_Management&amp;diff=6841&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2021-02-06T13:40:54Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;The LinkTitles extension automatically added links to existing pages (https://github.com/bovender/LinkTitles).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table class=&quot;diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 13:40, 6 February 2021&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot; &gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Alliance and relationship management is the set of practices and tools required to reinforce alliances/relationships with partners, outsourced functions or activities, and to maintain visibility into a relationship with another business entity. Relationships include entities that are part of creating and delivering the value proposition of an organization.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;What is Alliance and Relationship Management? [http://www.gartner.com/it-glossary/alliance-and-relationship-management Gartner]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Alliance and relationship &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;[[&lt;/ins&gt;management&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;]] &lt;/ins&gt;is the set of practices and tools required to reinforce alliances/relationships with partners, outsourced functions or activities, and to maintain visibility into a relationship with another &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;[[&lt;/ins&gt;business&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;]] &lt;/ins&gt;entity. Relationships include entities that are part of creating and delivering the &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;[[&lt;/ins&gt;value&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;]] &lt;/ins&gt;proposition of an &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;[[&lt;/ins&gt;organization&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;]]&lt;/ins&gt;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;What is Alliance and Relationship Management? [http://www.gartner.com/it-glossary/alliance-and-relationship-management Gartner]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;'''How Alliances Create Value'''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;How Alliances Create Value [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Robert_Spekman/publication/227375280_Alliance_Management_A_View_from_the_Past_and_a_Look_to_the_Future/links/544127020cf2a76a3cc7cc3b.pdf Journal of Management Studies]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;'''How Alliances Create Value'''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;How Alliances Create Value [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Robert_Spekman/publication/227375280_Alliance_Management_A_View_from_the_Past_and_a_Look_to_the_Future/links/544127020cf2a76a3cc7cc3b.pdf Journal of Management Studies]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Value is created through synergy as the partners achieve mutually beneficial gains that neither would have been able to achieve individually (Teece 1992). Hamel (1991) argues that what partly drives the decision to ally is the importance of deriving value from the partnership. For example, Siecor, a joint venture between Siemens and Corning, combined Siemens' cabling technology with Corning's fibre optic expertise. This resulted in the development and early dominance of the fibre optics cable industry, at great gain to both partners. Similarly, networks created through the joint efforts of the partners can inexpensively leverage the market presence of each (e.g. Lewis, 1990; Lorange and Roos, 1993). Comarketing agreements, for example, permit partners to talk with a `louder voice'in the marketplace and quickly grow market share. In yet another way, synergy is gained when a partner internalizes knowledge, skills or expertise that ultimately enhances its own competitive advantage (e.g. Parkhe, 1991). The GM&amp;amp;Toyota alliance, NUMMI, is one example. As a goal of the alliance, GM attempted to learn Japanese manufacturing management processes, while Toyota sought to learn how to manage a diverse and heterogeneous US workforce. Since partners often enter alliances with different levels of skill and different expectations, it is likely that they will recognize and measure value differently (Borys and Jemison, 1989). Problems arise when expectations differ and/or are unrealistic; when partners learn at different rates; as well as when partners do not agree on the level each commits to the relationship or each takes from the relationship. Equity, as described by Ouchi (1980), is an important consideration in the formation and maintenance of alliances. Not only is the level of value contributed/gained important, there exists also a question of timing. The issue is one of fair dealing such that all partners receive benefits proportional to their investments over the life of the alliance. Balance might not be achieved at each point in time; however, one must trust that equity will be achieved over time. Korsgaard et al. (1995) refer to procedural justice which emphasizes both fairness and the fair distribution of resources.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Value is created through synergy as the partners achieve mutually beneficial gains that neither would have been able to achieve individually (Teece 1992). Hamel (1991) argues that what partly drives the decision to ally is the importance of deriving value from the partnership. For example, Siecor, a joint venture between Siemens and Corning, combined Siemens' cabling technology with Corning's fibre optic expertise. This resulted in the development and early dominance of the fibre optics cable &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;[[&lt;/ins&gt;industry&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;]]&lt;/ins&gt;, at great gain to both partners. Similarly, networks created through the joint efforts of the partners can inexpensively leverage the &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;[[&lt;/ins&gt;market&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;]] &lt;/ins&gt;presence of each (e.g. Lewis, 1990; Lorange and Roos, 1993). Comarketing agreements, for example, permit partners to talk with a `louder voice'in the marketplace and quickly grow market share. In yet another way, synergy is gained when a partner internalizes knowledge, skills or expertise that ultimately enhances its own competitive advantage (e.g. Parkhe, 1991). The GM&amp;amp;Toyota alliance, NUMMI, is one example. As a goal of the alliance, GM attempted to learn Japanese &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;[[&lt;/ins&gt;manufacturing&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;]] &lt;/ins&gt;management processes, while Toyota sought to learn how to manage a diverse and heterogeneous US workforce. Since partners often enter alliances with different levels of skill and different expectations, it is likely that they will recognize and measure value differently (Borys and Jemison, 1989). Problems arise when expectations differ and/or are unrealistic; when partners learn at different rates; as well as when partners do not agree on the level each commits to the relationship or each takes from the relationship. Equity, as described by Ouchi (1980), is an important consideration in the formation and maintenance of alliances. Not only is the level of value contributed/gained important, there exists also a question of timing. The issue is one of fair dealing such that all partners receive benefits proportional to their investments over the life of the alliance. Balance might not be achieved at each point in time; however, one must trust that equity will be achieved over time. Korsgaard et al. (1995) refer to procedural justice which emphasizes both fairness and the fair &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;[[&lt;/ins&gt;distribution&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;]] &lt;/ins&gt;of resources.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l12&quot; &gt;Line 12:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 12:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;===Further Reading===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;===Further Reading===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*Collaborative Advantage: The Art of Alliances [https://hbr.org/1994/07/collaborative-advantage-the-art-of-alliances HBR]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*Collaborative Advantage: The Art of Alliances [https://hbr.org/1994/07/collaborative-advantage-the-art-of-alliances HBR]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*Alliance Management (a.k.a. Supplier Relationship Management) [https://www.instituteforsupplymanagement.org/files/Pubs/Proceedings/AGEngel.pdf Robert J. Engel, C.P.M]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*Alliance Management (a.k.a. &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;[[&lt;/ins&gt;Supplier&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;]] &lt;/ins&gt;Relationship Management) [https://www.instituteforsupplymanagement.org/files/Pubs/Proceedings/AGEngel.pdf Robert J. Engel, C.P.M]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*Managing alliance relationships: Key challenges in the early stages of collaboration [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9310.00235/abstract Mícheál J. Kelly, Jean–Louis Schaan, Hélène Joncas]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*Managing alliance relationships: Key challenges in the early stages of &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;[[&lt;/ins&gt;collaboration&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;]] &lt;/ins&gt;[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9310.00235/abstract Mícheál J. Kelly, Jean–Louis Schaan, Hélène Joncas]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;!-- diff cache key ciowiki:diff::1.12:old-298:rev-6841 --&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>User</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://cio-wiki.org//index.php?title=Alliance_and_Relationship_Management&amp;diff=298&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>User: Alliance and relationship management is the set of practices and tools required to reinforce alliances/relationships with partners, outsourced functions or activities, and to maintain visibility into a relationship with another business entity.</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://cio-wiki.org//index.php?title=Alliance_and_Relationship_Management&amp;diff=298&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2018-11-28T22:18:41Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Alliance and relationship management is the set of practices and tools required to reinforce alliances/relationships with partners, outsourced functions or activities, and to maintain visibility into a relationship with another business entity.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;New page&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;Alliance and relationship management is the set of practices and tools required to reinforce alliances/relationships with partners, outsourced functions or activities, and to maintain visibility into a relationship with another business entity. Relationships include entities that are part of creating and delivering the value proposition of an organization.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;What is Alliance and Relationship Management? [http://www.gartner.com/it-glossary/alliance-and-relationship-management Gartner]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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'''How Alliances Create Value'''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;How Alliances Create Value [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Robert_Spekman/publication/227375280_Alliance_Management_A_View_from_the_Past_and_a_Look_to_the_Future/links/544127020cf2a76a3cc7cc3b.pdf Journal of Management Studies]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Value is created through synergy as the partners achieve mutually beneficial gains that neither would have been able to achieve individually (Teece 1992). Hamel (1991) argues that what partly drives the decision to ally is the importance of deriving value from the partnership. For example, Siecor, a joint venture between Siemens and Corning, combined Siemens' cabling technology with Corning's fibre optic expertise. This resulted in the development and early dominance of the fibre optics cable industry, at great gain to both partners. Similarly, networks created through the joint efforts of the partners can inexpensively leverage the market presence of each (e.g. Lewis, 1990; Lorange and Roos, 1993). Comarketing agreements, for example, permit partners to talk with a `louder voice'in the marketplace and quickly grow market share. In yet another way, synergy is gained when a partner internalizes knowledge, skills or expertise that ultimately enhances its own competitive advantage (e.g. Parkhe, 1991). The GM&amp;amp;Toyota alliance, NUMMI, is one example. As a goal of the alliance, GM attempted to learn Japanese manufacturing management processes, while Toyota sought to learn how to manage a diverse and heterogeneous US workforce. Since partners often enter alliances with different levels of skill and different expectations, it is likely that they will recognize and measure value differently (Borys and Jemison, 1989). Problems arise when expectations differ and/or are unrealistic; when partners learn at different rates; as well as when partners do not agree on the level each commits to the relationship or each takes from the relationship. Equity, as described by Ouchi (1980), is an important consideration in the formation and maintenance of alliances. Not only is the level of value contributed/gained important, there exists also a question of timing. The issue is one of fair dealing such that all partners receive benefits proportional to their investments over the life of the alliance. Balance might not be achieved at each point in time; however, one must trust that equity will be achieved over time. Korsgaard et al. (1995) refer to procedural justice which emphasizes both fairness and the fair distribution of resources.&lt;br /&gt;
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===References===&lt;br /&gt;
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===Further Reading===&lt;br /&gt;
*Collaborative Advantage: The Art of Alliances [https://hbr.org/1994/07/collaborative-advantage-the-art-of-alliances HBR]&lt;br /&gt;
*Alliance Management (a.k.a. Supplier Relationship Management) [https://www.instituteforsupplymanagement.org/files/Pubs/Proceedings/AGEngel.pdf Robert J. Engel, C.P.M]&lt;br /&gt;
*Managing alliance relationships: Key challenges in the early stages of collaboration [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9310.00235/abstract Mícheál J. Kelly, Jean–Louis Schaan, Hélène Joncas]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
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