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User: Distributed Computing is a type of computing in which different components and objects comprising an application can be located on different computers connected to a network.

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Distributed Computing is a type of computing in which different components and objects comprising an application can be located on different computers connected to a network.

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Distributed Computing is a type of computing in which different components and objects comprising an application can be located on different computers connected to a network. So, for example, a word processing application might consist of an editor component on one computer, a spell-checker object on a second computer, and a thesaurus on a third computer. In some distributed computing systems, each of the three computers could even be running a different operating system. One of the requirements of distributed computing is a set of standards that specify how objects communicate with one another. There are currently two chief distributed computing standards: CORBA and DCOM.<ref>What is Distributed Computing [http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/D/distributed_computing.html Webopedia]</ref>

The ultimate goal of distributed computing is to maximize performance by connecting users and IT resources in a cost-effective, transparent and reliable manner. It also ensures fault tolerance and enables resource accessibility in the event that one of the components fails. The idea of distributing resources within a computer network is not new. This first started with the use of data entry terminals on mainframe computers, then moved into minicomputers and is now possible in personal computers and client-server architecture with more tiers. A distributed computing architecture consists of a number of client machines with very lightweight software agents installed with one or more dedicated distributed computing management servers. The agents running on the client machines usually detect when the machine is idle and send a notification to the management server that the machine is not in use and available for a processing job. The agents then requests an application package. When the client machine receives this application package from the management server to process, it runs the application software when it has free CPU cycles and sends the result back to the management server. When the user returns and requires the resources again, the management server returns the resources was using to perform different tasks in the user's absence.<ref>Distributed Computing System Explained [https://www.techopedia.com/definition/7/distributed-computing-system Techopedia]</ref>

Like other areas in computer science, distributed computing spans a wide range of subjects from the applied to the very theoretical. On the theory side, distributed computing is a rich source of mathematically interesting problems in which an algorithm is pitted against an adversary representing the unpredictable elements of the system. Analysis of distributed algorithms often has a strong game-theoretic flavor, because executions involve a complex interaction between the algorithm’s behavior and the system’s responses. Michael Fischer is one of the pioneering researchers in the theory of distributed computing. His work on using adversary arguments to prove lower bounds and impossibility results has shaped much of the research on the area. He is currently actively involved in the study of security issues in distributed systems, including cryptographic tools and trust management. James Aspnes’ research emphasizes the use of randomization for solving fundamental problems in distributed computing. Many problems that turn out to be difficult or impossible to solve using a deterministic algorithm can be solved if processes can flip coins. Analyzing the resulting algorithms often requires using non-trivial techniques from probability theory.<ref>The Range of Distributed Computing [http://cpsc.yale.edu/research/distributed-computing Yale Research]</ref>

'''Parallel and Distributed Computing'''<ref>Parallel vs. Distributed Computing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_computing Wikipedia]</ref><br />
Distributed systems are groups of networked computers, which have the same goal for their work. The terms "concurrent computing", "parallel computing", and "distributed computing" have a lot of overlap, and no clear distinction exists between them. The same system may be characterized both as "parallel" and "distributed"; the processors in a typical distributed system run concurrently in parallel. Parallel computing may be seen as a particular tightly coupled form of distributed computing, and distributed computing may be seen as a loosely coupled form of parallel computing.[6] Nevertheless, it is possible to roughly classify concurrent systems as "parallel" or "distributed" using the following criteria:
In parallel computing, all processors may have access to a shared memory to exchange information between processors. In distributed computing, each processor has its own private memory (distributed memory). Information is exchanged by passing messages between the processors.
The figure below illustrates the difference between distributed and parallel systems. Figure (a) is a schematic view of a typical distributed system; as usual, the system is represented as a network topology in which each node is a computer and each line connecting the nodes is a communication link. Figure (b) shows the same distributed system in more detail: each computer has its own local memory, and information can be exchanged only by passing messages from one node to another by using the available communication links. Figure (c) shows a parallel system in which each processor has a direct access to a shared memory. The situation is further complicated by the traditional uses of the terms parallel and distributed algorithm that do not quite match the above definitions of parallel and distributed systems (see below for more detailed discussion). Nevertheless, as a rule of thumb, high-performance parallel computation in a shared-memory multiprocessor uses parallel algorithms while the coordination of a large-scale distributed system uses distributed algorithms.

[[File:Distributed computing.png|300px|Distributed Computing]]<br />
source: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_computing Wikipedia]

===References===
<references />

===Further Reading===
*Distributed and Parallel Computing [http://www-inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs61a/sp12/book/communication.html Berkeley]
*Cloud Computing vs. Distributed Computing [https://www.dezyre.com/article/cloud-computing-vs-distributed-computing/94 Dezyre]
*How would you explain distributed computing to a beginning programmer? [https://www.quora.com/How-would-you-explain-distributed-computing-to-a-beginning-programmer Quora]
*What is Distributed Computing? - Principles, Environments & Applications [http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-distributed-computing-principles-environments-applications.html study.com]
*Centralized vs. Distributed Computing [https://www.slideshare.net/alokeparnachoudhury/distributed-computing-49413165 Alokeparna Choudhury]
*Distributed Computing is a model...[http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/distributed-computing Techtarget]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Distributed Computing''' is a type of computing in which different components and objects comprising an application can be located on different computers connected to a network. So, for example, a word-processing application might consist of an editor component on one computer, a spell-checker object on a second computer, and a thesaurus on a third computer. In some distributed computing systems, each of the three computers could even be running a different operating system. One of the requirements of distributed computing is a set of standards that specify how objects communicate with one another. There are currently two chief distributed computing standards: CORBA and DCOM.<ref>[http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/D/distributed_computing.html What is Distributed Computing?]</ref>
+'''Distributed Computing''' is a type of computing in which different components and objects comprising an application can be located on different computers connected to a network. So, for example, a word-processing application might consist of an editor component on one computer, a spell-checker object on a second computer, and a thesaurus on a third computer. In some distributed computing systems, each of the three computers could be running a different operating system. One of the requirements of distributed computing is a set of standards that specify how objects communicate. There are currently two chief distributed computing standards: CORBA and DCOM.<ref>[http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/D/distributed_computing.html What is Distributed Computing?]</ref>
-The ultimate goal of distributed computing is to maximize performance by connecting users and IT resources in a cost-effective, transparent and reliable manner. It also ensures fault tolerance and enables resource accessibility in the event that one of the components fails. The idea of distributing resources within a computer network is not new. This first started with the use of data entry terminals on mainframe computers, then moved into minicomputers, and is now possible in personal computers and client-server architecture with more tiers. A distributed computing architecture consists of a number of client machines with very lightweight software agents installed with one or more dedicated distributed computing management servers. The agents running on the client machines usually detect when the machine is idle and send a notification to the management server that the machine is not in use and is available for a processing job. The agents then request an application package. When the client machine receives this application package from the management server to process, it runs the application software when it has free CPU cycles and sends the result back to the management server. When the user returns and requires the resources again, the management server returns the resources that were used to perform different tasks in the user's absence.<ref>[https://www.techopedia.com/definition/7/distributed-computing-system Distributed Computing System Explained]</ref>
+The ultimate goal of distributed computing is to maximize performance by connecting users and IT resources in a cost-effective, transparent, and reliable manner. It also ensures fault tolerance and enables resource accessibility in the event that one of the components fails. The idea of distributing resources within a computer network is not new. This first started with data entry terminals on mainframe computers, then moved into minicomputers, and is now possible in personal computers and [[Client Server Architecture|client-server architecture]] with more tiers. A distributed computing architecture consists of a number of client machines with very lightweight software agents installed with one or more dedicated distributed computing management servers. The agents running on the client machines usually detect when the machine is idle and notify the management server that the machine is not in use and is available for a processing job. The agents then request an application package. When the client machine receives this application package from the management server to process, it runs the application software when it has free CPU cycles and sends the result back to the management server. When the user returns and requires the resources again, the management server returns the resources used to perform different tasks in the user's absence.<ref>[https://www.techopedia.com/definition/7/distributed-computing-system Distributed Computing System Explained]</ref>
-Like other areas in computer science, distributed computing spans a wide range of subjects from applied to the very theoretical. On the theory side, distributed computing is a rich source of mathematically interesting problems in which an algorithm is pitted against an adversary representing the unpredictable elements of the system. Analysis of distributed algorithms often has a strong game-theoretic flavor, because executions involve a complex interaction between the algorithm’s behavior and the system’s responses. Michael Fischer is one of the pioneering researchers in the theory of distributed computing. His work on using adversary arguments to prove lower bounds and impossibility results has shaped much of the research on the area. He is currently actively involved in the study of security issues in distributed systems, including cryptographic tools and trust management. James Aspnes’ research emphasizes the use of randomization for solving fundamental problems in distributed computing. Many problems that turn out to be difficult or impossible to solve using a deterministic algorithm can be solved if processes can flip coins. Analyzing the resulting algorithms often requires using non-trivial techniques from probability theory.<ref>[http://cpsc.yale.edu/research/distributed-computing The Range of Distributed Computing]</ref>
+Like other areas in computer science, distributed computing spans a wide range of subjects from applied to the very theoretical. On the theory side, distributed computing is a rich source of mathematically interesting problems in which an algorithm is pitted against an adversary representing the unpredictable elements of the system. Analysis of distributed algorithms often has a strong game-theoretic flavor because executions involve a complex interaction between the algorithm’s behavior and the system’s responses. Michael Fischer is one of the pioneering researchers in the theory of distributed computing. His work on using adversary arguments to prove lower bounds and impossibility results has shaped much of the research on the area. He is currently actively involved in studying security issues in distributed systems, including cryptographic tools and trust management. James Aspnes’ research emphasizes using randomization to solve fundamental problems in distributed computing. Many problems that are difficult or impossible to solve using a deterministic algorithm can be solved if processes can flip coins. Analyzing the resulting algorithms often requires using non-trivial techniques from probability theory.<ref>[http://cpsc.yale.edu/research/distributed-computing The Range of Distributed Computing]</ref>
@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 Distributed systems are groups of networked computers, which have the same goal for their work. The terms "concurrent computing", "parallel computing", and "distributed computing" have a lot of overlap, and no clear distinction exists between them. The same system may be characterized both as "parallel" and "distributed"; the processors in a typical distributed system run concurrently in parallel. Parallel computing may be seen as a particularly tightly coupled form of distributed computing, and distributed computing may be seen as a loosely coupled form of parallel computing. Nevertheless, it is possible to roughly classify concurrent systems as "parallel" or "distributed" using the following criteria:
 In parallel computing, all processors may have access to shared memory to exchange information between processors. In distributed computing, each processor has its own private memory (distributed memory). Information is exchanged by passing messages between the processors.
-The figure below illustrates the difference between distributed and parallel systems. The figure below is a schematic view of a typical distributed system; as usual, the system is represented as a network topology in which each node is a computer and each line connecting the nodes is a communication link. Figure (b) shows the same distributed system in more detail: each computer has its own local memory, and information can be exchanged only by passing messages from one node to another by using the available communication links. Figure (c) shows a parallel system in which each processor has direct access to a shared memory. The situation is further complicated by the traditional uses of the terms parallel and distributed algorithm that do not quite match the above definitions of parallel and distributed systems (see below for a more detailed discussion). Nevertheless, as a rule of thumb, high-performance parallel computation in a shared-memory multiprocessor uses parallel algorithms while the coordination of a large-scale distributed system uses distributed algorithms.
+The figure below illustrates the difference between distributed and parallel systems. The figure below is a schematic view of a typical distributed system; as usual, the system is represented as a network topology in which each node is a computer and each line connecting the nodes is a communication link. Figure (b) shows the same distributed system in more detail: each computer has its own local memory, and information can be exchanged only by passing messages from one node to another by using the available communication links. Figure (c) shows a parallel system in which each processor has direct access to a shared memory. The situation is further complicated by the traditional uses of the terms parallel and distributed algorithm that do not quite match the above definitions of parallel and distributed systems (see below for a more detailed discussion). Nevertheless, as a rule of thumb, high-performance parallel computation in a shared-memory multiprocessor uses parallel algorithms, while the coordination of a large-scale distributed system uses distributed algorithms.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Distributed Computing''' is a type of computing in which different components and objects comprising an [[application]] can be located on different computers connected to a [[network]]. So, for example, a word processing application might consist of an editor component on one [[computer]], a spell-checker object on a second computer, and a thesaurus on a third computer. In some distributed computing systems, each of the three computers could even be running a different operating [[system]]. One of the requirements of distributed computing is a set of standards that specify how objects communicate with one another. There are currently two chief distributed computing standards: CORBA and DCOM.<ref>What is Distributed Computing [http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/D/distributed_computing.html Webopedia]</ref>
+'''Distributed Computing''' is a type of computing in which different components and objects comprising an application can be located on different computers connected to a network. So, for example, a word-processing application might consist of an editor component on one computer, a spell-checker object on a second computer, and a thesaurus on a third computer. In some distributed computing systems, each of the three computers could even be running a different operating system. One of the requirements of distributed computing is a set of standards that specify how objects communicate with one another. There are currently two chief distributed computing standards: CORBA and DCOM.<ref>[http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/D/distributed_computing.html What is Distributed Computing?]</ref>
-The ultimate goal of distributed computing is to maximize performance by connecting users and IT resources in a cost-effective, transparent and reliable manner. It also ensures fault tolerance and enables resource accessibility in the event that one of the components fails. The idea of distributing resources within a computer network is not new. This first started with the use of [[data]] entry terminals on [[mainframe]] computers, then moved into minicomputers and is now possible in personal computers and client-[[server]] [[architecture]] with more tiers. A distributed computing architecture consists of a number of client machines with very lightweight [[software]] agents installed with one or more dedicated distributed computing [[management]] servers. The agents running on the client machines usually detect when the machine is idle and send a notification to the management server that the machine is not in use and available for a processing job. The agents then requests an application package. When the client machine receives this application package from the management server to [[process]], it runs the application software when it has free CPU cycles and sends the result back to the management server. When the user returns and requires the resources again, the management server returns the resources was using to perform different tasks in the user's absence.<ref>Distributed Computing System Explained [https://www.techopedia.com/definition/7/distributed-computing-system Techopedia]</ref>
+Like other areas in computer science, distributed computing spans a wide range of subjects from applied to the very theoretical. On the theory side, distributed computing is a rich source of mathematically interesting problems in which an algorithm is pitted against an adversary representing the unpredictable elements of the system. Analysis of distributed algorithms often has a strong game-theoretic flavor, because executions involve a complex interaction between the algorithm’s behavior and the system’s responses. Michael Fischer is one of the pioneering researchers in the theory of distributed computing. His work on using adversary arguments to prove lower bounds and impossibility results has shaped much of the research on the area. He is currently actively involved in the study of security issues in distributed systems, including cryptographic tools and trust management. James Aspnes’ research emphasizes the use of randomization for solving fundamental problems in distributed computing. Many problems that turn out to be difficult or impossible to solve using a deterministic algorithm can be solved if processes can flip coins. Analyzing the resulting algorithms often requires using non-trivial techniques from probability theory.<ref>[http://cpsc.yale.edu/research/distributed-computing The Range of Distributed Computing]</ref>
-Like other areas in computer science, distributed computing spans a wide range of subjects from the applied to the very theoretical. On the theory side, distributed computing is a rich source of mathematically interesting problems in which an [[algorithm]] is pitted against an adversary representing the unpredictable elements of the system. Analysis of distributed algorithms often has a strong game-theoretic flavor, because executions involve a complex interaction between the algorithm’s behavior and the system’s responses. Michael Fischer is one of the pioneering researchers in the theory of distributed computing. His work on using adversary arguments to prove lower bounds and impossibility results has shaped much of the research on the area. He is currently actively involved in the study of security issues in distributed systems, including cryptographic tools and trust management. James Aspnes’ research emphasizes the use of randomization for solving fundamental problems in distributed computing. Many problems that turn out to be difficult or impossible to solve using a deterministic algorithm can be solved if processes can flip coins. Analyzing the resulting algorithms often requires using non-trivial techniques from probability theory.<ref>The Range of Distributed Computing [http://cpsc.yale.edu/research/distributed-computing Yale Research]</ref>
+'''Parallel and Distributed Computing'''<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_computing Parallel vs. Distributed Computing]</ref><br />
+Distributed systems are groups of networked computers, which have the same goal for their work. The terms "concurrent computing", "parallel computing", and "distributed computing" have a lot of overlap, and no clear distinction exists between them. The same system may be characterized both as "parallel" and "distributed"; the processors in a typical distributed system run concurrently in parallel. Parallel computing may be seen as a particularly tightly coupled form of distributed computing, and distributed computing may be seen as a loosely coupled form of parallel computing. Nevertheless, it is possible to roughly classify concurrent systems as "parallel" or "distributed" using the following criteria:
 In parallel computing, all processors may have access to shared memory to exchange information between processors. In distributed computing, each processor has its own private memory (distributed memory). Information is exchanged by passing messages between the processors.
-'''Parallel and Distributed Computing'''<ref>Parallel vs. Distributed Computing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_computing Wikipedia]</ref><br />
+The figure below illustrates the difference between distributed and parallel systems. The figure below is a schematic view of a typical distributed system; as usual, the system is represented as a network topology in which each node is a computer and each line connecting the nodes is a communication link. Figure (b) shows the same distributed system in more detail: each computer has its own local memory, and information can be exchanged only by passing messages from one node to another by using the available communication links. Figure (c) shows a parallel system in which each processor has direct access to a shared memory. The situation is further complicated by the traditional uses of the terms parallel and distributed algorithm that do not quite match the above definitions of parallel and distributed systems (see below for a more detailed discussion). Nevertheless, as a rule of thumb, high-performance parallel computation in a shared-memory multiprocessor uses parallel algorithms while the coordination of a large-scale distributed system uses distributed algorithms.
 [[File:Distributed computing.png|300px|Distributed Computing]]<br />
-source: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_computing Wikipedia]
+source: Wikipedia
-==See Also==
+== See Also==
 *[[Cognitive Computing]]
 *[[Distributed Computing Environment (DCE)]]
-*[[Distributed Data Management Architecture (DDM)]]
+*[[Cloud Computing]]
-===References===
+== References ==
 <references />
 ===Further Reading===
-*Distributed and Parallel Computing [http://www-inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs61a/sp12/book/communication.html Berkeley]
+*[http://www-inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs61a/sp12/book/communication.html Distributed and Parallel Computing]
-*[[Cloud Computing]] vs. Distributed Computing [https://www.dezyre.com/article/cloud-computing-vs-distributed-computing/94 Dezyre]
+*[https://www.dezyre.com/article/cloud-computing-vs-distributed-computing/94 Cloud Computing vs. Distributed Computing]
-*How would you explain distributed computing to a beginning programmer? [https://www.quora.com/How-would-you-explain-distributed-computing-to-a-beginning-programmer Quora]
+*[https://www.quora.com/How-would-you-explain-distributed-computing-to-a-beginning-programmerHow would you explain distributed computing to a beginning programmer?]
-*What is Distributed Computing? - Principles, Environments & Applications [http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-distributed-computing-principles-environments-applications.html study.com]
+*[http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-distributed-computing-principles-environments-applications.html What is Distributed Computing? - Principles, Environments & Applications]
-*Centralized vs. Distributed Computing [https://www.slideshare.net/alokeparnachoudhury/distributed-computing-49413165 Alokeparna Choudhury]
+*[https://www.slideshare.net/alokeparnachoudhury/distributed-computing-49413165 Centralized vs. Distributed Computing]
-*Distributed Computing is a [[model]]...[http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/distributed-computing Techtarget]
+*[http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/distributed-computing Distributed Computing is a model...]

@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
-===See Also==
+==See Also==
 *[[Cognitive Computing]]
 *[[Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM)]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-Distributed Computing is a type of computing in which different components and objects comprising an [[application]] can be located on different computers connected to a [[network]]. So, for example, a word processing application might consist of an editor component on one [[computer]], a spell-checker object on a second computer, and a thesaurus on a third computer. In some distributed computing systems, each of the three computers could even be running a different operating [[system]]. One of the requirements of distributed computing is a set of standards that specify how objects communicate with one another. There are currently two chief distributed computing standards: CORBA and DCOM.<ref>What is Distributed Computing [http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/D/distributed_computing.html Webopedia]</ref>
+'''Distributed Computing''' is a type of computing in which different components and objects comprising an [[application]] can be located on different computers connected to a [[network]]. So, for example, a word processing application might consist of an editor component on one [[computer]], a spell-checker object on a second computer, and a thesaurus on a third computer. In some distributed computing systems, each of the three computers could even be running a different operating [[system]]. One of the requirements of distributed computing is a set of standards that specify how objects communicate with one another. There are currently two chief distributed computing standards: CORBA and DCOM.<ref>What is Distributed Computing [http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/D/distributed_computing.html Webopedia]</ref>
@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 [[File:Distributed computing.png|300px|Distributed Computing]]<br />
 source: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_computing Wikipedia]