https://cio-wiki.org//index.php?title=Data_Sharing&feed=atom&action=historyData Sharing - Revision history2024-03-29T12:59:50ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.35.1https://cio-wiki.org//index.php?title=Data_Sharing&diff=16110&oldid=prevUser at 19:42, 19 April 20232023-04-19T19:42:36Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:42, 19 April 2023</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Data Sharing''' <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">practice </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">making [[Data|</del>data<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] used for scholarly research available to other investigators. Many funding agencies</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">institutions</del>, and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">publication venues have policies regarding </del>data sharing <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">because transparency </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">openness are considered by many to be part of the scientific method</del>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Data Sharing''' <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">refers to </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">process </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">exchanging or providing access to </ins>data <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">between individuals</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">organizations</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">or systems. With the increasing amount of data being generated </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">collected, </ins>data sharing <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">has become a critical component of many industries, including healthcare, finance, </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">research</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A number of funding agencies and science journals require authors of peer-reviewed papers to share any supplemental information (raw </del>data, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">statistical methods or source code) necessary to understand</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">develop </del>or <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">reproduce published research. A great deal of scientific research is not subject to data </del>sharing <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">requirements, and many of these policies have liberal exceptions. In the absence of any binding requirement, </del>data <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sharing is at </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">discretion </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the scientists themselves. In addition, in certain situations governments and institutions prohibit or severely limit </del>data sharing <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to protect proprietary interests</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">national security</del>, and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">subject/patient/victim confidentiality. Data sharing may also be restricted </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">protect institutions </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">scientists from use of data for political purposes</del>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Data sharing can take many forms, including sharing </ins>data <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">between departments within an organization</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">between different organizations</ins>, or sharing data <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">with </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">public. Some benefits </ins>of data sharing <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">include increased efficiency</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">improved decision-making</ins>, and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the ability </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">identify trends </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">patterns that might not be apparent otherwise</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Data </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">methods may be requested from an author years after publication</del>. In <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">order to encourage </del>data sharing <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and </del>prevent <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the loss or corruption of data, a number of funding agencies </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">journals established policies on data archiving. Access </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">publicly archived data is </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">recent development in the history of science made possible by technological advances in communications and information technology. To take full advantage of modern rapid communication may require consensual agreement on the criteria underlying mutual recognition of respective contributions. Models recognized for improving the timely sharing </del>of data <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">for more effective response to emergent infectious disease threats include the data sharing mechanism introduced by the GISAID Initiative</del>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">For example, in healthcare, data sharing can improve patient outcomes by allowing doctors </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">healthcare providers to access important medical information and treatment histories</ins>. In <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">finance, </ins>data sharing <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">can help to </ins>prevent <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fraud </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">improve risk management by providing access </ins>to a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">broader range </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">financial </ins>data.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Despite policies on </del>data sharing and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">archiving, data withholding still happens</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Authors may fail to archive data or they only archive a portion </del>of the data. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Failure to archive </del>data <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">alone </del>is <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">not data withholding</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">When a researcher requests additional information, an author sometimes refuses </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">provide it. When authors withhold </del>data <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">like this, they run the risk of losing the trust of the science community</del>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">While </ins>data sharing <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">offers many benefits, there are also potential risks </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">challenges</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">One </ins>of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">main concerns is the security and privacy of sensitive </ins>data. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Organizations must ensure that </ins>data is <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">protected and secure when shared with others</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Data sharing agreements and protocols can help </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ensure that </ins>data <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is used appropriately and only for its intended purpose</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Data sharing <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">may </del>also <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">indicate </del>the sharing <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of </del>personal information <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">on a social media platform</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref>What </del>is Data <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Sharing? [https</del>:<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">//en</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">wikipedia</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">org/wiki/Data_sharing#</del>:<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">~:text</del>=Data<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">%20sharing%20is%20the%20practice,part%20of%20the%20scientific%20method. Wikipedia</del>]<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></ref></del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In addition, there may be legal and ethical considerations to consider when sharing data. Some data types may be subject to regulations and restrictions, such as personal health information or financial data. Organizations must ensure that they are in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations when sharing data.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">One of the challenges of data sharing is the lack of standardization in data formats and structures. Organizations may collect and store data differently, making it difficult to share and integrate data across systems. This has led to development of standards and protocols for data sharing, such as the Health Level Seven International (HL7) standard for healthcare data.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Another challenge is the cultural and organizational barriers to data sharing. Some organizations may be reluctant to share data due to concerns about privacy, security, or competition. In some cases, there may be a lack of trust between organizations or a reluctance to share data due to a lack of understanding about the potential benefits of data sharing.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">To overcome these challenges, organizations can implement policies and protocols that promote data sharing and collaboration, such as developing data-sharing agreements, establishing data governance processes, and creating incentives for data sharing. Data sharing can also be facilitated through technology, such as data-sharing platforms and APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) that allow different systems to communicate and share data securely.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Data sharing <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">can </ins>also <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">lead to the creation of new products and services that rely on shared data, such as </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">development of predictive analytics models and machine learning algorithms. These tools can help organizations to understand patterns and trends in their data better and make more informed decisions based on that insight.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In addition, data sharing can support research and innovation in various fields, such as healthcare, education, and environmental science. By sharing data from clinical trials, educational studies, or environmental monitoring programs, researchers can collaborate on projects that would be otherwise impossible to undertake.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Finally, data </ins>sharing <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">can also benefit individuals by providing them with access to their own data, allowing them to understand better their own health, financial, or other </ins>personal information. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">This can help individuals to make more informed decisions and take more control over their own lives.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">To ensure successful data sharing, there are several best practices that organizations can follow. These include:</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*Establish clear data sharing policies: It is important for organizations to establish clear policies around data sharing, including what data can be shared, how it can be shared, and with whom. This can help to ensure that data </ins>is <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">shared securely and responsibly.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*Use secure data sharing platforms: Organizations should use secure data sharing platforms designed to protect sensitive data. These platforms should be equipped with strong security protocols and encryption technologies to protect data in transit and at rest.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*Implement data governance processes: </ins>Data <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">governance processes can help to ensure that data is properly managed and controlled and that it is shared in compliance with relevant regulations and policies.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*Ensure data quality and accuracy</ins>: <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Before sharing data, organizations should ensure that the data is accurate and of high quality</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">This can help to prevent errors and inconsistencies from propagating across multiple systems</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*Respect data privacy and security</ins>: <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Organizations should respect the privacy and security of data and ensure that it is only shared with authorized individuals and organizations. This can help to prevent data breaches and protect sensitive information.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In conclusion, data sharing is a crucial tool for organizations and individuals to unlock the full potential of their data. By following best practices and adopting secure technologies, organizations can ensure that data is shared responsibly and effectively, leading to new insights, innovation, and growth.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">== See Also =</ins>=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Data]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]</ins></div></td></tr>
</table>Userhttps://cio-wiki.org//index.php?title=Data_Sharing&diff=8635&oldid=prevUser: Created page with "'''Data Sharing''' is the practice of making data used for scholarly research available to other investigators. Many funding agencies, institutions, and publication v..."2021-03-30T22:06:35Z<p>Created page with "'''Data Sharing''' is the practice of making <a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">data</a> used for scholarly research available to other investigators. Many funding agencies, institutions, and publication v..."</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>'''Data Sharing''' is the practice of making [[Data|data]] used for scholarly research available to other investigators. Many funding agencies, institutions, and publication venues have policies regarding data sharing because transparency and openness are considered by many to be part of the scientific method.<br />
<br />
A number of funding agencies and science journals require authors of peer-reviewed papers to share any supplemental information (raw data, statistical methods or source code) necessary to understand, develop or reproduce published research. A great deal of scientific research is not subject to data sharing requirements, and many of these policies have liberal exceptions. In the absence of any binding requirement, data sharing is at the discretion of the scientists themselves. In addition, in certain situations governments and institutions prohibit or severely limit data sharing to protect proprietary interests, national security, and subject/patient/victim confidentiality. Data sharing may also be restricted to protect institutions and scientists from use of data for political purposes.<br />
<br />
Data and methods may be requested from an author years after publication. In order to encourage data sharing and prevent the loss or corruption of data, a number of funding agencies and journals established policies on data archiving. Access to publicly archived data is a recent development in the history of science made possible by technological advances in communications and information technology. To take full advantage of modern rapid communication may require consensual agreement on the criteria underlying mutual recognition of respective contributions. Models recognized for improving the timely sharing of data for more effective response to emergent infectious disease threats include the data sharing mechanism introduced by the GISAID Initiative.<br />
<br />
Despite policies on data sharing and archiving, data withholding still happens. Authors may fail to archive data or they only archive a portion of the data. Failure to archive data alone is not data withholding. When a researcher requests additional information, an author sometimes refuses to provide it. When authors withhold data like this, they run the risk of losing the trust of the science community.<br />
<br />
Data sharing may also indicate the sharing of personal information on a social media platform.<ref>What is Data Sharing? [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_sharing#:~:text=Data%20sharing%20is%20the%20practice,part%20of%20the%20scientific%20method. Wikipedia]</ref></div>User