View source for Electronic Discovery (eDiscovery)

== Definition of Electronic Discovery (eDiscovery) ==
'''Electronic discovery (eDiscovery)''' is a process in which a collection of evidence is inspected to find content that is responsive to a particular legal matter or dispute.

The eDiscovery process typically follows a series of steps represented by the [[Electronic Discovery Reference Model (EDRM)]]. Parties involved in the case must first preserve any potentially relevant information, then collect, review, and exchange electronic formats such as emails, documents, and social media content for use as evidence. There are many different types of electronically stored information (ESI) that may be sought during eDiscovery, ranging from basic email data to more modern forms like instant messaging conversations or smartphone application usage data. Additionally, criminal e-discovery differs from civil e-discovery due to its focus on collecting evidence related to criminal activity rather than litigation purposes.


== What is the process of electronic discovery? ==
#Identify the parties involved in the legal case and determine what evidence is needed.
#Gather all relevant electronic data sources that may contain evidence related to the case, such as emails, Microsoft documents, social media content, and more.
#Inspect each piece of evidence to determine if it is responsive (related) to the legal matter or dispute at hand using search terms or keyword searches if necessary.
#Once all relevant pieces of evidence have been identified, review them thoroughly in order to ensure they are valid for use in court proceedings (eDiscovery). This process may involve hiring experts who specialize in eDiscovery analysis techniques such as metadata analysis or data mining algorithms used for searching through large volumes of data quickly and efficiently while still maintaining the accuracy of results found within those results sets returned from searches conducted on them via these automated methods used by experts trained in this area of expertise when needed since they can be quite effective at finding relevant information quickly when used properly by those trained well enough to do so effectively).
#Once all reviewed items have been deemed valid, prepare them for exchange with opposing counsel via discovery requests sent out through email or other means depending on what type of case it is being handled as civil


== How to use electronic discovery? ==
*Step 1: Understand electronic discovery: Electronic discovery is the process of collecting, securing, and making electronically stored information (ESI) searchable for review in a lawsuit. The process begins as soon as it is reasonably foreseeable that a lawsuit may occur. Key players and IT staff are interviewed to identify what ESI may be relevant and how it can be collected. A legal hold must be issued to ensure all potentially discoverable data is identified and secured for review later on in the process. Once the data has been collected, it must be made searchable so that lawyers can easily find relevant information during trial proceedings.
*Step 2: Gather evidence:
**Identify what electronically stored information (ESI) may be relevant to the case.
**Determine who are the custodians of this information and conduct interviews with them to gather more information about it.
**Gather as much information as possible about where potentially discoverable data resides, such as electronic documents, emails, recordings, etc., so that you can issue an effective legal hold letter later on if necessary.
**Consider using an electronic discovery program to help stay organized during this process and have all relevant documents at your fingertips when needed for presentation or argumentation purposes later on in court proceedings or legal proceedings overall if necessary depending on the type of case you're working on end goal objectives etc.
*Step 3: Create a document collection plan:
**Identify the number of custodians to collect data from Determine which individuals or departments will have relevant data that needs to be collected for electronic discovery.
**Identify relevant data: Analyze each custodian's documents to determine what is important and what is not, as well as any potential issues that could arise during collection (such as privacy concerns).
**Preserve the data (prevent spoliation): Take steps to ensure metadata does not change during the collection process (e.g., use software designed for legal holds).
**Choose collection methods: Select a method that best suits your needs based on the size and scale of data being collected (e.g., manual review vs automated scanning). Consider factors such as accessibility of data sources, need for special tools, encryption, or sensitivity issues that may require special measures in order to collect it legally (e.g., litigation hold notice), etc.
**Involve cross-functional team members: Bring in those with expertise in legal, IT, and other fields related to eDiscovery if needed.
**Plan Meet And Confer: Schedule a meet and confer with opposing parties 21 days before scheduling a conference with the court so they can work out
*Step 4: Divide your documents into electronically discoverable and non-electronically discoverable categories
**Gather all of the documents that are relevant to your case.
**Identify any electronically stored information (ESI) that needs to be retrieved for e-Discovery purposes.
**Divide the documents into two categories: electronically discoverable and non-electronically discoverable documents.
**For the electronically discoverable documents, identify where they are stored (e.g., email inboxes, file servers).
**For each location where these files may be stored, create a plan of action detailing how you will retrieve them in a secure manner and ensure they remain confidential during the retrieval process.
**Once retrieved from their respective locations, review each document individually for any personal or sensitive information that may need to be redacted before being used in court proceedings.
*Step 5: Create a digital repository: Creating a digital repository for electronically stored information (ESI) can help with using electronic discovery because it provides an organized, secure location for storing all of the relevant data. This ensures that it is easily accessible when needed and that there is no risk of losing any pieces of evidence due to poor organization or storage issues. Additionally, having access to a digital repository allows users to perform complex searches across multiple sources of data quickly and easily without having to manually search through each individual item one by one.
*Step 6: Develop policy and procedures
**Determine the need for an electronic discovery policy and procedures.
**Analyze applicable laws, regulations, and case law related to electronic discovery.
**Identify the types of electronic records that need to be preserved in litigation or regulatory proceedings (e.g., emails, text messages).
**Create a retention schedule for paper-based and electronic health records that outlines when they should be stored, retained, and destroyed after they are no longer active for patient care or business purposes in accordance with state laws or industry best practices guidelines such as those provided by HIM professionals association like AHIMA.
**Develop policies and procedures related to the disclosure of electronic health information and records such as how it will be managed through the release of information process within an HIM department.
*Step 7: Monitor, store, and analyze data
**Identify the type of electronically stored information (ESI) you need to monitor, store, and analyze. This includes electronic messages, databases, and other structured data, audio files, or transcripts of audio files.
**Select a reporting format that best suits your needs for each type of ESI you are analyzing (e.g., Excel spreadsheets for numerical data).
**Document any issues that arise during the collection process in order to resolve them quickly in future cases involving similar types of ESI.
**Analyze the data using appropriate tools such as statistical software packages or text analytics software if necessary for further insights into its nature and meaning.
*Step 8: Develop an ongoing monitoring and evaluation system
**Identify the areas of the organization that require monitoring and evaluation for electronic discovery. This could include business process areas, human resource files, or both.
**Work with the compliance office to establish triggers and monitors to assess adherence to e-discovery policies throughout the organization.
**Develop staff orientation materials and annual training programs on e-discovery policies and procedures for all employees who may be involved in responding to litigation requests for electronically stored information (ESI).
**Create an audit process that includes random audits of human resource files to verify staff training on e-discovery as well as audits of business processes related to ESI management practices such as data classification schemes or document retention policies.
*Step 9: Prepare witnesses carefully
**Identify and prepare ahead of time a list of key people from HIM and IT who will serve as 30(b)(6) witnesses.
**Explain to the witnesses that there are some topics for which they must offer testimony that stretches beyond their personal knowledge and extends to the "company's knowledge," while there are other topics for which they should simply testify based on their own personal knowledge.
**Ensure that all relevant information is provided in a clear, concise, and organized manner so that it can be easily understood by all parties involved in the process.
**Review documents with witnesses to ensure they understand what information needs to be presented at trial and how it should be presented (ie., through PowerPoint presentations or verbal testimonies).
**Practice mock trial presentations with each witness so they can become familiar with presenting their testimony effectively before actual trial proceedings begin.


==What types of data are included in electronic discovery? ==
In electronic discovery, data can include electronic documents such as text, images, audio, video, calendars, instant messages, cellphone data, databases spreadsheets animation websites, and computer programs. Email can also be an important source of evidence due to people being less careful in these exchanges than in written memos or postal letters. Other types of data that may be subject to production under common eDiscovery rules include photos videos databases filetypes etc. Finally, raw data which forensic investigators can review for hidden evidence is also included in ediscovery it includes the native file format which is known as the original format of the material being reviewed.


== What is the litigation process for electronic discovery? ==
#The litigation process for electronic discovery begins when a lawsuit appears imminent. Attorneys from both sides will determine the scope of eDiscovery and identify potentially relevant data.
#Data that is identified as potentially relevant is placed under legal hold so it cannot be destroyed, and failure to preserve data may lead to sanctions and fines if the lost data puts the defense at a disadvantage.
#The data is transferred from the company to legal counsel, who determines its relevance through processing using a review platform such as PDF or TIFF files for court presentation purposes.
#During the review, documents are assessed for privilege (i.e., work product) and responsiveness to discovery requests (e .g., document production).
#Once reviewed, documents are exchanged with opposing counsels in preparation for court presentation or settlement negotiations


== How does electronic discovery help with data access? ==
Electronic discovery (e-Discovery) is a process used to gain access to electronically stored information (ESI). It involves gathering, processing, and managing data in order to prepare it for use in legal cases.
By understanding how e-discovery works, organizations can safeguard data when looking into unauthorized data access or privacy concerns. An audit trail makes it possible to determine what data was accessed, when and by whom. This helps ensure compliance with regulatory guidelines that control the storage and processing of private data.


== How does electronic discovery ensure data integrity? ==
Electronic discovery helps to ensure data integrity by identifying what electronically stored information (ESI) may be relevant to the case, identifying custodians of potentially discoverable data, issuing legal holds for that data, and then collecting and reviewing it.
By following these steps, organizations can ensure that their data is properly identified, preserved, and reviewed in order to provide accurate results when needed in legal proceedings. Additionally, an audit trail can be used to determine who accessed which pieces of data and when so there are fewer opportunities for mistakes or tampering with evidence.


== What are the data sources for electronic discovery? ==
Electronic discovery can include a wide range of data sources, including:
*Electronic documents, such as text, images, audio, and video files.
*Email messages and other types of digital communications.
*Cellphone data such as call logs and text messages.
*Global positioning system (GPS) data from devices such as smartphones or cars.
*Data stored in household appliances like washing machines or refrigerators.
*Onboard computer systems found in airplanes or ships.


== What are the common file formats for electronic discovery? ==
Common file formats for electronic discovery include:
#Email: Email can be an especially valuable source of evidence in civil or criminal litigation because people are often less careful in these exchanges than in hard-copy correspondence. Emails can be saved as .eml, .msg, .txt, or other common file types.
#Native Files: Any data that is stored in an electronic form may be subject to production under common eDiscovery rules, including "raw data", which forensic investigators can review for hidden evidence. The original file format is known as the "native" format and litigators may review material from ediscovery in one of several formats such as printed paper, native files, or PDF files/TIFF images converted from native files for use in court proceedings;
#Documents/Files/Data: All types of data can serve as evidence during the process of electronic discovery including text documents, images, audio, video calendars instant messages cellphone data databases spreadsheets animation websites computer programs etcetera ;


== What are the costs associated with electronic discovery? ==
The costs associated with electronic discovery can vary depending on the vendor and model used. Under a managed services and managed review model, some vendors may handle collection, review, and analytics as well as document processing fees. Other vendors may charge per gigabyte for data ingestion or penny-per-page Bates stamping charges. In general, electronic discovery can be an expensive process due to the time it takes to review large amounts of data as well as the associated costs of hiring vendors to assist with this process.


== What are the benefits of using electronic discovery? ==
The benefits of using electronic discovery include:
*Saving time and money by not having to worry about document, copy, shipping, or storage fees.
*Ability to access more electronically stored information (ESI) than ever before.
*Protection of clientele's personal information from being compromised in case of legal proceedings.


== See Also ==
[[Electronic Data Processing (EDP)]]

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