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== What is the Garbage Can Model of Decision-Making? ==
The '''Garbage Can Model of Decision-Making''' is a unique model of decision-making that assumes that problems, solutions, and participants are disconnected. It is used as a way to quickly make decisions without requiring a lot of research and evidence. The key components of the Garbage Can Model of Decision-Making are "activities," "questions," and "opinions." These three elements help to create structured decision-based discussions by categorizing problems and solutions according to the topic.

The traditional hierarchical model of organizations is no longer effective in the fast-paced, ever-changing world we live in today. Problems arise when decisions are made by a small group of people at the top without input from those who will be affected by the decision. This can lead to frustration and resentment among employees, as well as a feeling that their voices are not being heard.

The garbage can model of decision-making offers a more flexible and decentralized approach that takes into account the ever-changing landscape of organizations. This model allows for input from all employees, which leads to better decision-making and a more efficient organization overall.


[[File:Garbage Can Model.png|500px|Garbage Can Model]]


== What are the key components of the model? ==
#'''Problem recognition:''' Problem recognition is a key component of the Garbage Can Model of Decision-Making because it allows for effective decision-making and the allocation of resources to solve identified problems. It also provides an opportunity for innovations to be generated by allowing a flow of information within and outside an organization. Problem recognition allows organizations to identify when issues exist, determining their severity so that appropriate energy can be allocated accordingly. This is necessary in order for solutions to be found efficiently and effectively, as well as to ensure that these solutions are continually refreshed due to frequent changes in participants within the organization.
#'''Solutions:''' The key components of a solution are the problem, the solution, the participants, and choice opportunities. The problem identifies an issue that needs to be addressed. Solutions provide a result from someone’s work on it. Participants are people who leave the organization and cannot devote their time solely to one given problem. Choice opportunities are decision-making moments within the organization such as meetings or contracts needing signatures. Choice opportunities look for problems and solutions look for problems while participants seek work in order to come up with a viable solution that can be implemented by an organized anarchy or chaos model of decision-making in organizations.
#'''Choice:''' Choice is a key component of the DevOps model because it allows for decisions to be made quickly and with minimal consideration. It also enables organizations and larger settings to effectively resolve problems that would otherwise be difficult to solve due to multiple unknowns. By utilizing the Garbage Can Model of Decision-Making, organizations are able to gain better insight into their decision-making processes and make informed decisions more efficiently.
#'''Implementation:''' To implement the Garbage Can Model of Decision-Making, organizations must first identify the different factors involved in their decisions. This can include cost, security, feasibility, and other criteria that need to be taken into account. Organizations should then create a list of possible solutions and evaluate each one against each criterion. Finally, they should choose the best solution based on their evaluation. The model also encourages organizational members to have an open dialogue about potential solutions so that all perspectives can be considered before a final decision is made. Additionally, organizations should continually review their decisions and processes to ensure they are up-to-date with current conditions and needs.
#'''Evaluation:''' Evaluation is important in the key components of the Garbage Can Model of Decision-Making because it provides an opportunity to identify and correct for any biases that may be present. This is especially important when taking into account the ten most common behavioral biases associated with project management, as evaluation allows for a better understanding of how these different components interact and must be configured in order to achieve desired outcomes. Without proper evaluation, decisions may be misguided or ill-advised.
#'''Learning:''' It is important for people to learn in order to be able to make better decisions and grow as individuals. Different types of learning can offer different benefits, such as the ability to improve decision-making skills, stay up-to-date with industry changes, and develop new skills. Learning is essential for improving one's decision-making abilities and staying current in their field. The Garbage Can Model of Decision Making is a useful tool that can help organizations become more organized anarchies by allowing them to make informed decisions based on their collective experience. This model involves four main components: problem recognition, solution identification, commitment formation, and evaluation. Examples of this model being applied include companies using self-organizing teams or setting up open forums where stakeholders can weigh in on important decisions. With the Garbage Can Model of Decision Making, organizations are able to ensure that each person involved has a say in the process while still relying on collective wisdom from past experiences when making strategic choices.
#'''Refinement:''' Refinement is important for the Garbage Can Model of Decision-Making because it helps to identify new conditions of ambiguity that are related to the simulation assumption of the model. Furthermore, refinement is necessary in order to develop a measure of the degree of anarchy and accurately determine how decision-making works in organizations. Additionally, refinement can help provide data that supports a linear relationship between the flight ratio and degree of anarchy through regression analysis.
#'''Re-evaluation:''' Re-evaluation is important in relation to the key components of the Garbage Can Model of Decision-Making because it allows decision-makers to weigh the cost of getting a group solution that is discrepant from an expert's solution against the cost of discontent brought about by nonparticipation. Re-evaluation provides insight into whether or not both correctness and acceptance are being met by a decision, as these two variables must both be high for an effective decision. Without re-evaluating, decisions may become reactive instead of proactive and lead to ineffective solutions.
#'''Tweaks:''' Tweaks to the Garbage Can Model of Decision-Making can be made in order to improve its effectiveness. These tweaks may include increasing the complexity of articles, making it easier for decision-makers to interpret data, and emphasizing the role of a project manager in academic settings. Additionally, strategies such as incorporating research on the bias into decision-making criteria and processes can help reduce cognitive biases that lead to poor decisions. Finally, encouraging self-reflection and critical thinking can help individuals recognize their own biases before they make decisions while also allowing them to consider alternative points of view when making tough calls.
#'''Adaptation:''' Adaptation is the ability to adjust and respond to new information, experiences, or challenges in order to survive and thrive in a changing environment. It is an important skill for any organization that wishes to remain successful, as it allows them to stay on top of changing trends and conditions. The Garbage Can Model of Decision-Making offers a framework for understanding how organizations can best adapt by recognizing common behavioral biases that lead to project failure and how they can be avoided. Understanding adaptation is thus essential for understanding the dynamism of decision-making within organizations so that they may remain organized anarchies.
#'''Cooperation:''' The significance of cooperation in the garbage can model is that it allows different teams to work together more effectively and achieve their goals more quickly. The hierarchical access system also helps with cooperation, as it gives different groups access to only specific parts of the system. Cooperation is especially important for DevOps models, as it increases velocity and ensures tasks are completed correctly and on time.


== How do organizations utilize this model in their decision-making processes? ==
The Garbage Can Model of Decision-Making is an approach to decision-making that acknowledges that a variety of problems and solutions may exist within an organization. It allows for decisions to be made in an "anarchy" environment, offering opportunities for creative problem-solving. This model categorizes problems and solutions into distinct sections, allowing organizations to make better decisions by recognizing the complexity of different types of problems they may face. By committing resources and management to this model, organizations can more effectively plan their strategic initiatives and identify potential opportunities.


== What are some examples and case studies for using this model? ==
#Case Study: Me 2.0: The Me 2.0 case study can be used as an example of using the Garbage Can Model of Decision-Making. The model provides a framework that allows project management practitioners to use multiple criteria in their decision-making process. By leveraging the Me 2.0 case study, practitioners can apply the model’s principles to analyze and evaluate blockchain technologies, ultimately helping them determine which technology is best suited for their specific needs and goals. Additionally, academics can also benefit from applying the Garbage Can Model of Decision-Making to real-world contexts like this one, allowing them to gain a better understanding of how organizational decisions are made in practice and how they influence outcomes.
#Case Study: 10 + 1 tips for facilitating a virtual Strategy Retreat: Some tips for facilitating a virtual strategy retreat include using the Garbage Can Model of Decision-Making to help understand and discuss problems in meetings, utilizing inconsistencies between project owners and supply chain firms, and taking advantage of trade fairs that display traits characteristic of the virtual strategy model. By utilizing these strategies, organizations can experience improved communication and organization.
#Case Study: 14 thoughts on Garbage In, Garbage Out: The Garbage Can Solutions Model: The Garbage Can Solutions Model is an innovative approach to problem-solving which focuses on combining different solutions to address problems. This model can be used by organizations and decision-makers alike in order to make more creative decisions, prioritize and solve problems, as well as influence decision-making processes. Additionally, the model provides training courses relevant to its application such as CSM Certification Study Guide - Certified Scrum Master, Giving & Receiving Feedback for Supervisors, Customer Service Manager Skills & Training, Creating Organizational Culture, Essentials of Organizational Behavior and Team Building & Group Problem Solving. Ultimately, the Garbage Can Solutions Model allows organizations and individuals to take a more holistic approach when looking at difficult issues that need to be addressed.
#Case Study: Carnegie Mellon Series #4 – Organizational Choice: The Carnegie Mellon case study is important because it provides insights into how organizations make decisions, and how different paradigms can lead to different behaviors. Additionally, the case study illustrates the effectiveness of content marketing in driving business results, such as increasing website traffic and creating a loyal customer base. As such, the Carnegie Mellon case study is an invaluable source for understanding decision-making processes within organizations.
#Case Study: Inspired by Episode 39. CARNEGIE-MELLON SERIES No. 4 — ORGANIZATIONAL CHOICE{ Examples and case studies of the use of the Garbage Can Model of Organizational Choice can be found in a variety of industries. In the DevOps industry, for instance, many companies have implemented a DevOps model to increase velocity, reliability, and security. Other examples include healthcare organizations looking to streamline decision-making processes or manufacturers looking to reduce waste and improve performance. Case studies can also provide insight into how companies have used this model successfully in different contexts. For example, a study conducted by researchers at Stanford University found that using the Garbage Can Model helped student organizations make decisions more quickly and accurately than conventional methods.
#Case Study: 10x Curiosity: The 10x Curiosity model is a way of learning and growing that involves capturing interesting links and synthesizing ideas. It encourages companies to create content that is interesting and valuable to their target audience in order to increase views, engagement, and other educational resources. The model helps individuals learn from different perspectives in order to solve problems, as well as retain information better.


== How can an organization implement a garbage can approach to decision-making to become organized anarchy? ==
'''Step 1:''' Understand the Garbage Can Model: The Garbage Can Model is a theoretical model developed to describe the decision-making process in organizations that operate within a state of organized anarchy. This state occurs when rules are non-existent or not being followed, which results in illogical technologies and an abundance of inactive individuals. The model suggests that decisions are made independently by disconnected decision-makers who may not have knowledge about what problems exist or what solutions are available. It also highlights how organizations can make effective decisions without any form of centralized control or coordination, creating an organized anarchy within the organization. The Garbage Can Model can be applied to decision-making by helping organizations analyze their existing processes and identify areas where changes could be made to improve efficiency and outcomes.<br />
'''Step 2:''' Identify the Problems in the Organization: Organizations may have difficulty adapting to rapidly changing environments, as well as difficulties in creating solutions before a problem arises. They may also struggle with communication, accountability, and transparency when making decisions. As a result, the Garbage Can Model of Decision-Making can help organizations structure their decision-making process by providing clear criteria for identifying and solving problems quickly, using systems archetypes to evaluate options and identify potential risks, employing the OODA loop to anticipate changes in the environment while taking into account all stakeholders' needs, and ensuring full disclosure of decisions made along with their outcomes.<br />
'''Step 3:''' Identify the Solutions Available: An organization that wants to implement a garbage can approach to decision-making has several solutions available. One option is the Satisficing Model, which allows experienced decision-makers to quickly identify a workable solution without needing to find the best possible alternative. In addition, they could use the Optimizing Model, which helps identify all feasible alternatives and reduces mistakes or delays in reaching a decision. Finally, after an emergency situation has passed, organizations can take additional optimizing action in order to further minimize any negative impacts of their decisions on stakeholders.<br />
'''Step 4:''' Identify the Actors Involved: It is important to identify the actors involved when implementing a garbage can approach to decision-making in order to ensure that all stakeholders are involved in the decision-making process. This approach encourages open communication and transparency between all parties, allowing for a greater understanding of the problem at hand and potential solutions. Identifying who is part of the decision/choice arena allows for systems archetypes to be identified, which can help pinpoint where interventions need to take place and allow for an effective OODA loop analysis. Establishing a workplace culture that promotes open communication is vital for the successful implementation of this model.<br />
'''Step 5:''' Identify the Decisions to be Made: In order to implement a garbage can approach to decision-making, decision-makers need to consider the boundaries of the problem, assess any changes that have occurred in the decision environment, break complex problems into smaller tasks that are more manageable and controllable, and analyze all feasible alternatives. They must also determine which course of action is most suitable in terms of both effectiveness and efficiency. Decision makers must then evaluate whether the solution is satisfactory or if further optimizing action needs to be taken after an emergency has concluded. Finally, they must ensure that their preferences remain consistent and well-defined throughout the entire process.<br />
'''Step 6:''' Determine the Resources Needed: An organization needs a large and rich university as a model, with efficient search procedures and high solution coefficients, in addition to the energy available. It also needs entry time, energy requirement, and resources available to the organization depending on the stage of prosperity or adversity.<br />
'''Step 7:''' Establish a Time Frame for Decision-Making: When using a garbage can approach for decision-making, it is important to establish a time frame in order to optimize the situation and reduce the risk of conflict. Establishing a timeframe encourages efficiency and helps ensure that decisions are made within an appropriate time period, rather than being delayed or rushed. Doing so enables decision-makers to consider all relevant factors and make informed decisions without having to compromise due to time constraints. In addition, when deadlines are established, it encourages people involved in the process to take action instead of waiting around until conditions become more favorable or information becomes available.<br />
'''Step 8:''' Create Flexible Structures for Making Decisions
Organizations can create flexible structures for making decisions by considering the different types of decision-making models available. For example, the Garbage Can Model of Decision-Making is a model that takes into consideration three factors: problem activity, problem latency, and decision time. This model offers interactive processes that depend on specific combinations of other structures. These structures could be democratic, restrictive access, or hierarchical access systems to give priority to certain problems or actors while limiting access to others. They might also include open forum meetings and specialized access systems depending on the needs at hand. By looking at a variety of options and understanding how each one contributes to a successful decision-making process, organizations can create more efficient and effective ways of making decisions within their organization.<br />
'''Step 9:''' Establish Open Communication Channels: When implementing a garbage can approach to decision-making, it is important for open communication channels to be established in order for all stakeholders to be aware of the decisions being made. Open communication allows teams to work together more effectively and eliminates the need for interpersonal conflict, enabling rapid and accurate decision-making.<br />
'''Step 10:''' Monitor and Evaluate Decision-Making Process: Organizations can evaluate the success of their garbage can approach to decision-making by measuring how much money was saved, how many new customers were acquired, and how much waste was reduced or eliminated. They should also examine changes in the decision environment or decision maker which may have precipitated a problem, and focus on the controllable components of a decision situation. Additionally, they should assess whether their solutions resulted in acceptable workable solutions with minimal effort.<br />
'''Step 11:''' Gather Feedback and Revise the Process as Needed: Feedback is essential in relation to the garbage can model of decision-making. Feedback helps organizations identify and address potential issues before they become problems. It also allows companies to adjust their order of topics in order to speed up the decision-making process. Additionally, feedback allows employees to better understand their work and feel more empowered in their roles, as it gives them the opportunity to contribute their skills and creativity with choice opportunities. Ultimately, by utilizing feedback with the garbage can model, organizations are able to better optimize decision-making processes while creating a more satisfying work environment for employees.


== See Also ==
[[Chaordic Organization]]<br />
[[Chaos Theory]]

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